First mover, last mover free essay sample

The first mover theory refers to the competitive advantage a company earns by being the first to enter a specific market or industry. With this movement comes advantages and disadvantages. An advantage of being a first mover is the technological advantage through sustainable leadership in technology. If the firm is the first one to introduce the technology, it reaps the benefits of selling those products to consumers. It also leads the way with research and development and obtaining patents for its products. This advantage can also create barriers to entry, as few firms can compete profitably. A first mover may also be able to obtain scarce assets. The first mover gains control of the assets that already exist. If the firm has superior information, it may be able to purchase assets at market prices below those that come later in the evolution of the market. Again, the acquisition of scarce resources may limit the number of firms that can compete in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on First mover, last mover or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being a first mover means paying less buyer switching costs that may arise from new suppliers, new software or computers, and training employees for new protocol or software. Late entrants have to pay more for these switching costs. Switching costs typically enhance the value of market share obtained early in the evolution of a new market. With being a first mover, a company does not have to compete with as many established products as a last mover. Being early into a market means that competition is not as fierce and the company can set industry standards and gain market share easier than if it was competing with firms already established in the industry. No brand reputation has been formed yet as well. With being a first mover come disadvantages as well. One of these disadvantages is late movers being ‘free-riders’ on the first movers investments in areas such as research and development and other areas. Late movers can also exploit employee screening and tap into skilled labor at a lower cost because the first movers have given the employees experience and  training. In a market with considerable uncertainty, being a late mover means some of the uncertainty is relinquished before the firm enters the market. The automobile and aircraft markets are examples of this. Late movers can jump into the market once it has been established and know that there is little uncertainty that it is going to be a profitable industry. Once uncertainty is resolved, competition shifts to price, so those with low manufacturing costs have a competitive advantage. Being a first mover means new technology is brought to consumers earlier, but late movers can exploit technological discontinuities to displace incumbents. It may be difficult for first movers to see that last movers are displacing their technology as the new technology appears while the old technology is still growing. The late movers can basically take advantage of the early technology and make improvements on it. Finally, a disadvantage of being a first mover is incumbent inertia. This means that the first mover firms may be locked in to fixed assets, may be reluctant to get rid of existing product lines, or be organizationally inflexible. Firms may want to ‘harvest’ sunk costs such as buildings or marketing channels, instead of drastically changing itself to adapt to the market. Being a last mover means entering a market after it has been established by the first movers. There are advantages and disadvantages to being a last mover that are directly related to the advantages and disadvantages of a first mover. Firstly, being a last mover means the company knows how the product has been perceived and knows that the uncertainty of the market has been eliminated. Research and development costs will be less because the first movers have done extensive research to produce products. The last movers can piggy-back off this RD make improvements to the products already established. Last movers can take advantage of trained personnel from first movers. The first movers can train employees and give them experience, and then the last movers can come in and take them away, utilizing their skills. They may have to pay a higher salary to pull them away from the first mover, but they will save money on training. Finally, being a last mover means switching costs are lower. This is related to the idea that the market is already established. Since last movers can see where the market is headed, it can invest in these assets instead of switching old assets over to the new assets. This will ultimately save the company extensively. There are disadvantages to being a last mover as well. One of these disadvantages is possibly missing a opportunity to enter a market altogether. The market may disappear altogether before the firm can really establish itself. Assets that were used to enter the market will be obsolete. Another disadvantage is less potential customers because the market is flooded with first and last movers. Other companies may have the same idea to enter the market late, and with all the different companies competing in the same market, this may cause too many similar products to be on the market. This can lead to companies not being able to differentiate themselves. Last movers may not be able to keep up with technological advancements because they have not been established very long. Their RD departments need time to make technological improvements and since they are not in the market for long, may fall behind the first movers in this area. A final disadvantage of last movers is being labeled a â€Å"copycat† or â€Å"imitator.† When a late mover enters the market, since they are competing with established products, consumers may think they are just copying their ideas and turn away from their products. It is imperative that the new products established differences so that consumers see that there is a  benefit to choosing the new product. There are several examples of firms that are first movers that have been successful and unsuccessful. The obvious first mover example is Apple, which introduced products such as the iPad and iPhone. Other examples are IBM, which introduced the first 16 bit personal computer, GM in the car industry, and Yahoo, the first online search site. There are also examples of unsuccessful late movers. An example is AOL, which led the way with dial-up internet but later was replaced with DSL and cable internet. Other examples are Napster, which ran into legal issues, Motorola, and Wal-Mart as a low cost products provider. Some examples are last mover firms that have been successful are Facebook as a social media site, Home Depot for home improvement products, Netflix for online movies, and Samsung in the phone industry. All these firms entered their respective industries late but have established a competitive advantage that makes them viable in each industry.

Ethics paper on pollution

Ethics paper on pollution Ethics paper on pollution Ethics Paper On Pollution Developed Countries Have a Higher Obligation to Combat Climate Change Prepared by Mohammad Ul Haque Id:0147217 MG660- Strategic Marketing Prepared for Professor Michael Altamiran Submission date: 10/15/2014 15 October 2015. Professor Michael Altamirano Kings Graduate School Monroe College Subject: Letter of transmittal (Ethics Paper) Dear Sir, It is an immense pleasure for me to submit you Ethics Paper titled Pollution. I have tried my best to make this report informative. However, despite of my best effort their may remain some flaws in the report. I hope and pray that the mistakes will be kindly excused. Lastly I would be thankful once again if you please give your judicious advice on effort. Sincerely yours, Mohammad Mahfuz Ul haque ID No.:0147217 MBA Program Executive Summary The main cause of the climatic change is due to pollution. Pollution is the main reason for this global climatic change and this adversity. Pollution is a big issue and it must be tackled by the joined effort of many nations. Pollution can be tackled by many means , the majority of the pollution comes from some of the Developed and Developing countries. Pollution is broadly classified into four types, Land pollution, Water pollution, Noise pollution and Air pollution. All these pollutions contribute to the global climatic change. These are the major pollutions that cause many adversities. Climatic conditions of the world depends on various factors such as rainfall, water currents, ocean tides, monsoons and humidity. Weather experts believe that all these factors that influence the weather conditions are affected by pollution. So the weather conditions of a country is affected by its pollution. Some experts suggest that pollutions also affects the crops and forests that are essentials for maintaining the weather conditions. Due to pollution weather patterns and rainfall patterns change tremendously and this brings about failure of crops and even drought in some cases. For a healthy agriculture in a country the climatic conditions and the rainfall of that country must be stable , it should not change tremendously. Thus climatic changes caused by pollution affects the agriculture of a country and thereby indirectly affecting the people of that country. It has been estimated by a survey that the food we eat , water that we drink and the air that we breathe are polluted. There are about 20% of people are dying of pollution. Pollution is caused by pollutants , they are the agents that cause pollution. Pollutants are released by many means, such as industries, houses, ship wreck , automobiles, burning of petroleum products and dumping of wastes in the open space. Pollutants are of different types, they can be dissolved in water, spread through air or get deposited in the soil and they all cause pollution in all of their forms. Pollutants that are released by industries are some times toxic and can affect the living things. Some of the toxic pollutants that are released by the industries are zinc, lead, nitrous, oxide of nitrous, oxides of sulphur, peroxides and radioactive wastes. Pollution and the global climatic conditions can be tackled by only by co-operation among various country. Most of the countries have a band on releasing certain hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere , these type of band must be made a law and they must be strictly implemented. All the industries must check their emissions for any poisonous pollutants and they must filter them before releasing their gases into the atmosphere. Every country must follow the policy of REUSE,REDUCE and RECYCLE. Table of contents 1. Introduction: 2. Types & Causes of Pollution Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil pollution Noise pollution Radioactive pollution Thermal/heat pollution Light pollution 3. Effects of Pollution: Environment Degradation: Human Health: Global Warming: Ozone Layer Depletion: Infertile Land: